（续《浅说学术英语写作》）
二、学术英语写作的言语特征
1. 客观性
前面扼要说明晰学术英语写作基本特征，即结构性、论说性、剖析性和明晰性。其实这些特性也相应表现了学术写作的合理公平、非情绪化、非个人化的客观实质。这是由于学术写作需求论说或证明，需求建立在根据的基础上，需求作者供给据以论说或证明的信息、材料和现实，而不需求作者自己牵涉其间，即读者重视的是作者用什么和怎么样做论说或证明而不是作者的所思所想。
那么，作为表现学术写作客观实质的言语也应该是客观的，就是说，用于写作中的英语表达应该是公允、精确、可测和符合实际，扫除偏颇、成见、含糊和扩张不实等的言语。例如应该运用精确和惯用专业术语，防止含糊性、比方性的表述；应该运用第三人称，防止第一和第二人称。客观性的基本要求是用相应的恰当的言语方式来展现论说或证明的根据或根据，而不能展现作者的个人自己的观念和情绪。
2. 正 式 性
正式性是指在写作中运用恰当的、精确的、书面的和标准的言语来表达杂乱思维和推理证明，包含词汇和语法，如，音节比较多、拉丁词根和名词化的词汇，语法联系很杂乱的句式，防止运用白话、俚语、简写、缩略语等。
3. 精确性
在学术写作过程中精确运用词汇、语法、拼写和标点等，遵从写作标准，能够表现写作的权威性和高效性，力求简洁明晰，力避冗余。试比较下面的两个语句：
a. Smith also believed this to be true, but took into consideration the fact that some managers also preferred to have long meetings that took all day.
b. Smith agreed, but considered the fact that some managers preferred to have longer, all-day meetings.
4. 杂乱性
学术写作的杂乱性表现在词汇的凝练、多样化、名词化结构和语法的杂乱化，如，从句比较多，被动态比较多等。试比较下面的两个语句：
a. Because the technology has improved it’s less risky than it used to be when you install them at the same time, and it doesn’t cost so much either.
b. Improvements in technology have reduced the risks and high costs associated with simultaneous installation.
5. 含糊性
含糊性是指经过比较慎重的表达方式传递信息和现实以及作者的学问，防止展现个人情绪和掺杂个人自己的观念，给读者留有考虑和验证的地步，有助于作者尽可能进行精确公允的陈说。试看如下词汇和表达方式：
Introductory verbs: seem, tend, look like, appear to be, think, believe, doubt, be sure, indicate, suggest
Certain lexical verbs: believe, assume, suggest
Certain modal verbs:will, must, would, may, might, could
Adverbs of frequency: often, sometimes, usually，certainly, definitely, clearly, probably, possibly, perhaps, conceivably
Certain lexical verbs: believe, assume, suggest
Certain modal verbs:will, must, would, may, might,
Modal adjectives: certain, definite, clear, probable, possible
Modal nouns: assumption, possibility, probability
That clauses: It could be the case that… /It might be suggested that….
